Ang pagtrip ng MAIN BREAKER o pagkuha ng MAIN FUSE ay isa sa pinakaunang dapat gawin pag merong pagkakaabalahan o dapat kalikutin.
Pwede ding gumamit ang kahit na sino ng neon tester o screwdriver na umiilaw pag itinatapat sa wiring na live.
At para miwasan ang anumang pagkakamali, pwede ding tingnan ang kulay ng mga wire.
Sa electrical, karamihan ay COLOR CODED.
1) White wires - almost always connect to other white wires or to chrome terminal screws on switches and receptacles.
2) Black wires always signify “hot” wires that conduct electricity to an outlet or switch. These are never to be utilized for a ground or neutral connection.
3)Red wires also signify “hot” wires or switch legs. In 220-volt installations, the red wire is considered the second “hot” wire.
4) Blue and yellow wires are also used for “hot” wires, usually being pulled into a conduit. Blue is usually used for travelers in three way and four way switches or as switch legs in lights and fans.
5) Yellow wires and typically used as switch legs to control switched outlets.
5) Green and bare wires and only used as ground wires. They will ground what you are working on and will normally be bonded to appliance connection and junction boxes for safety.
Madaling malaman ang mga dapat at hindi sa electrical wiring. Sa bawat kulay na meron ang isang wire, ito'y nananatiling palatandaan kung delikado ito o hindi at kung saan ito nakaconnect sa isang circuito.
No system is a perfect.Even a system with NO MOVING PARTS is subject to failures due to certain circumstances.Kaya, sa isang lugar, mapalaki man o maliit, ang maintenance personnel ay may malaking gamit. O kahit hindi ka maintenance personnel, ang ilang simpleng kaalaman sa troubleshooting ay mahalaga para sa mga emergencies.
ISSUE:
Breaker tends to go to TRIP POSITION when TURNED ON. Hindi matukoy ng technician kung saan ang sira.
Solution.
1)Do PERSONAL OBSERVATION.If possible, go blindly to whatever the others are saying and
try to see the problem by yourself FIRST.
2)Listen to others.After getting an own observation, listen to what the others are saying, what solutions have tried to be done or if there are other complications thathave been added to the picture:
**Unang tiningnan ang label ng mga breaker. Dahil nakaligtaan angdirectory at walang specific na tag sa tapat ng mga breaker, mahirap makita kung saang circuito ang may diperensya.
Ang sabi ng isang electrician, tiningnan nila ang electrical plan ng building pero wala sila makita. (**Note: Hindi lahat ng circuito sa building ay makikita sa plano,kasi hindi naman lahat ay nasususnod sa actual at minsan pa ay merong nagagalaw)Assessment:Dalawa lang ang klase ng circuit na nakatap sa panel.Una,ang synchronous pump motor para sa tubig, pangalawa para sa lighting.Pero malabong sa synchronous motor ang diperensya kasi gumagana naman ang mga ito.
3)Pinpoint location or affected circuit.
** Naglibot ang isa pang electrician sa paligid. Tiningnan ang wala pang mga ilaw.
Para malaman, Lahat ng breaker, kahit ang mga nakaoff ay pina-SWITCH ON para makita kung saang ang mga ilaw ang hindi gumagana.Tapos ay isa-isang ini-OFF.At nakita nga po ang sang ilang poste na di gumagana sa labas ng building.
4) CATEGORIZE and DETERMINE possible CAUSES.
In any failure, we have 5 general categories:
a)item, equipment or device doesn’t work ( b)flickering of light, blinking (c)dimming or brightening of light sometimes (d)item, equipment or device doesn’t turn off
e)shock
From those categories, malalaman natin kung ano angpossible causes. Like for example, if we experience shock,GROUNDING ang cause nito.Pag hindi naman na-oOFF, baka miswiring ng item or device.Nasa control system ang problema. Sa pagkakataong ito, dahil hindi gumagana ang ilaw, posibleng poor wiring connection, overload, ground, o short circuitang problema.
**Elimination Method
Una, hindi maaaring overload kasi wala naming dinagdag na motor o utilitization equipment.Pangalawa,hindi din poor wiring connection kasi ngayon lang nangyari ang pagTRIP ng breaker. Kaya dalawa na lang ang maaaring issue dito,grounding at short circuit.
5)Use INSTRUMENTS to evaluate the affected area.
**Gamit ang multimeter,isa isang tiningnan ng masipag na electrician ang lahat ng poste.About 2 ft from ground, there’s a small opening in the lighting post, for the wiring of the street lamps. Sa dami ng koneksyn, isa isang hinimay ng technicianang lahat ng wire sa bawat poste ng ilaw na di gumagana.At sa isang tago at maliit na wire,nakita ng electrician ang kong bakbak na.Napakaliit lang na exposed wiring na dumidikit sa poste na metal,kaya nagtrip agad ang breaker.
6)Do necessary action.
** Corrective action - nilagyan lang ng electrical tape ang wire at naayos ang problema.
Parang sa larong CHESS, ang bawat bahagi ng magnetic control ay may kanya-kanyang operasyon. Bawat isa ay nagtutulungan para madepensahan ang kanilang hari, TAYONG MGA TAO.
MCC, 440 V, Free-standing in Nema I enclosure and to contain the ff:
Main: 700 AT, 3P, MCCB
Metering: 1 - Digital multimeter 5 - Cylindrical fuse 3 - current transformer
Ang main circuit breaker ay mahahalintulad sa isang reyna. Sya ang pinakamalaking proteksyon sa control circuit. Sya ang humaharang sa mga aksidenteng pwedeng mangyari.
Ang Digital Multimeter naman ang BISHOP. Sya ang kanang kamay ngCIRCUIT BREAKER. Katulad ng bishop, ito'y nagsisilbing tagamonitor sa daloy ng kuryente. Iba't ibang klase ng importanteng impormasyon ang pwedeng makita dito kasama na ang boltahe, amperahe, power, hertz at iba pa)
Ang mga fuse naman at current transformer ang mga pawn. Bilang auxiliary devices, sila ay tulong para sa malaking equipment gaya ng metro.
1) Tuwing kumikidlat ay takot ang mga taong baka pumasok ito sa linya ng kuryente at mag cause ng sunog o aksidente sa mga appliances sa bahay. Andyan minsan ang tatawag ang boss sa isang building para patanggalin ang lahat ng nakasaksak na equipments kasi baka masira.
Maling paniniwala: Ang kuryente nga, sabi nila ay tamad. Kung saan ang pinakamalapit na pwede daanan ay dun sya pupunta. Halimbawa nalang ang isang tao sa gitna ng malawak na bukid. Sa ulan, kidlat at kulog, ang pinakamaingat nyang magagawa ay DUMAPA at magpaulan. Delikadong lumapit sa isang MATAAS na puno at sumukob kasi ang tendency ay pumunta ang kidlat sa pinakamataas na kahit ano na nakatayo.
Ang unang dapat makita ng taong takot sa kidlat ay kung ang kinaroroonang lugar ba ay mataas, o ang building ba ang pinakamataas sa lugar. Pero dapat din nyang tandaan na meron namang lightning arrester na andyan para proteksyonan tayo laban sa delikadong mga kidlat.
2) Minsan para macheck ang boltahe ng power supply ay gumamit ng voltmeter ang isa kong kakilala. Ang 220 V ay dapat pumalo sa 12 V para sa maliit na device na gagamitin nila kaya meron itong sariling transformer. At laking gulat nya, hindi 12 V ang nakita nya, 8 V. Meron bang dapat ipagbahala? Haruy..
Maling paniniwala: Ang kuryente ay pabago-bago ang boltahe. Ang nominal voltage nating 230V dito sa pilipinas o 115V sa ibang bansa gaya ng Japan ay isa lang numero. Ngayon ay pwedeng pumalo ang kuryente sa 230 or mas mataas pa, mayamaya ay pwede ring bumaba . Kaya acceptable pa din sa atin ang 220 at 240 na +10 o -10 V. Ang 8 V na nakukuha sa supposedly 12 V na labas ng kuryente ay di nakapagtataka. Pwede tumaas ito sa 12 V o bumaba, depende sa pumapasok na supply galing sa MERALCO o anumang utility company.
Sa electrical engineering, maraming field and pwede pasukin. Nandyan ang supply and installation, maintenance and supervisory, design and estimate, sa power system, andyan din ang consultancy, pwede magbypass sa safety engineering o kaya pumasok sa calibration ng instruments, o kaya mag qtms or quality, testing and monitoring standards na isa sa pinakaimportanteng aspect ng products at services.
Well, sa anumang klase ng trabaho meron sa electrical, lahat dapat accurate at sigurado. Di pwede magkamali kasi kuryente po ang kalaban dito. Haruy.
Sunog! Sunog! Sunog!! =( sunog buhay tepok. haruy... kaya kailangan atin bahay fire alarm system. Fire Alarm Systems A home fire alarm system is usually part of a total security system providing burglary protection in addition to fire protection. Such a system supervises doors, windows, and spaces within the home for break-in and may provide monitoring services by dialing your telephone to report a fire or intrusion to a security office, where it will be reported to your local police or fire department. Components of the System
These systems consist of a central control panel to which smoke alarms and heat detectors are connected, along with bells or horns that are activated when the system triggers an alarm. Other sensors associated with the burglary functions connect to doors and windows or monitor rooms for motion or body heat. The control panel operates from house power but also usually contains an emergency battery which can operate the system for about 24 hours during a power outage.
The basic requirements for the number and locations of alarms are exactly the same as with the self-contained alarms discussed previously. The difference is that a fire alarm system gives you more flexibility to locate additional alarms and additional bells or horns (or flashing lights, should a person in the household be hearing impaired).
Fire alarm systems that provide remote monitoring services can also be used to provide medical alert services. Here a person with health problems who lives alone carries a radio transmitter that can trigger the system in case they need assistance. Signals received at the monitoring station are identified by type (fire, burglary, medical alert) so that the proper response can be made.
Why Have a Residential Fire Alarm System?
The primary advantage of a home fire alarm system is increased reliability and the ability to place alarms and bells exactly where needed. However, the reason most people have them is that they wanted a burglar alarm system and the cost of adding fire alarm features to a residential burglary system is relatively small.
Another advantage is that they are the only way to obtain remote monitoring services. This becomes important in cases where family members may not be capable of escaping from a fire without assistance. For example, if you have an older or physically impaired person in your home and a fire started when no one was home to assist that person, alarms alone might not be enough to assure their safety.
A feature of most monitoring services is the ability to keep special information on the residence which comes up on the computer screen whenever an alarm is received from that home. Thus, if there is a disabled person in the home who needs special assistance this fact will be known to the operator and can be passed along to the fire department when they are called.
Ang pinakaunang electrical engineer na nabuhay noong 17 th century ay si WILLIAM GILBERT, isang scientist at natural philosoper. Sabi nga , siya ang father ng electricity at magnetism.
William concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses point north (previously, some believed that it was the pole star (Polaris) or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass). He was the first to argue, correctly, that the centre of the Earth was iron, and he considered an important and related property of magnets was that they can be cut, each forming a new magnet with north and south poles.
In his book, he also studied static electricity using amber; amber is called elektron in Greek, so Gilbert decided to call its effect the electric force. Sya ang gumawa ng unang electroscope, gamit ang isang karayom.
Ang pinakaunang tao naman na gumamit ng word na ELECTRICITY naman ay si Sir Thomas Browne, isang manunulat, Ang salita ay galing sa LATIN word na electricus, meaning "like amber".
Sinundan si William Gilbert ni Alesandro Volta, isang physicist, na syang nakagawa ng BATTERY o ng unang electric cell. Sya ang nakadiskubre sa electric capaitance (C), sa charge (Q) at sa electric potential (V). ( Q = CV)
Di rin pwedeng mawala sa listahan si ginawa ni Benjamin Franklin sa kanyang researches. Sya lang ang bukod tanging nagpalipad ng saranggola habang umuuln ng malakas at nagpatunay na ang kidlat ay isang klase ng kuryente. Dun din pumasok sa kanyang mga pagsasaliksik ang teorya sa grounding at marami pang iba.
Pagkatapos sa kanya ay si George Ohm, isang German physicist at guro, na sya namang nagexplain ng pagkakaiba ng electric current at potential difference sa isang conductor na nagsimula ng electrical circuit analysis. Sikat ang kanyang OHMS LAW V = IR, at mula sa kanyang mga nagawang principle, ay ang applications na ng electric current.
Andyan din si Michael Faraday, ang nag-imbento ng electric motor. Sa kanya nagsimula ang electromagnetic induction. Isang chemist at physicist, pinaghalong nya ang dalawang science at nabuo ang electrochermistry.
Si Nikola Tesla naman kung saan pinangalan ang unit ng electromagnetic flux, ang "tesla", hehe. Sya naman ay nagconcentrate sa electromechanical engineering. Sa AC machines at sa polypahse, panalong panalo tayo sa kanyang mga ibinahaging kaalaman.
Si Thomas Edison naman ang pinakapaborito ko. Siya lang naman ang nakaimbento ng motion-picture camera at ang nagdala ng liwanag sa ating kabahayan sa kanyang naimbentong "ELECTRIC BULB". At an early age, Thomas Edison developed a hearing impairment, pero di ito naging hadlang para di sya magtagumpay. Napunta sila sa Michigan ng kanyang pamilya at dun ay nagtinda sya ng mga candy, newspaper at mga gulay. At dahil sa likas na madiskarte, ang maliit na businessman ay swerteng napasok sa GENERAL ELECTRIC, isang malaking company. Quotable quote: We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles." =)
Parang matchsticks, ang konting spark ay pwedeng makagawa ng malaking sunog. Sabi nga din, ang kuryente ay tamad. Kung saan ang pinakamadali at pinakamaiklingdaanan para sa kanya, yun ang kanyang pupuntahan.
It tries to find a conductor, or something that it can pass through to get to the ground, like metal, wet wood or water. Your body is about 70% water, so that makes you a good conductor, too. For example, if you touch an energized bare wire or faulty appliance while your feet are touching the ground, electricity will automatically pass through you to the ground, causing a harmful, or even fatal shock. It only takes one mistake to spark an electrical fire, but simple prevention measures can be effective solutions.
1) APPLIANCES
Unplug unused appliances and stow cords safely out of reach of pets, young children or hazardous situations.
Appliances that generate heat, such as clocks, televisions and computer monitors, should be given several inches of clearance all around for good air circulation and cooling. Do not drape clothes, toys or other items over warm appliances.
Always follow appliance instructions carefully, and do not attempt amateur repairs or upgrades.
Keep all electrical appliances away from water such as sinks, bathtubs, pools or overhead vents that may drip.
Do not operate any electrical appliance with wet hands or while standing in water.
Cords
Every electrical appliance has a cord, and many homes use extension cords to increase the range of electrical outlets. Ito naman ang mga dapat tandaan pagdating sa mga electrical cords.
Check cords regularly for frays, cracks or kinks, including power tool cords, holiday lights and extension cords.
Cords are not be jump ropes, clothes lines or leashes, and should never be used for anything other than their intended purpose.
Cords should be firmly plugged into outlets – if the cord is loose and can pull out easily, choose a different, more snug outlet.
Do not staple or nail cords in position at any time; if the cord does not remain where desired, use tape or twist ties to secure it.
Cords should not be placed beneath rugs where they can become a trip hazard or where frays will not be noticeable. Furthermore, covering a cord will prevent it from keeping as cool as possible.
Do not make modifications to a cord’s plug at any time – do not clip off the third prong or attempt to file down a wider prong to fit in a different outlet.
Extension cords are a temporary solution only and their use should be minimized whenever possible.
Outlets
Every cord has to plug into an appropriate electrical outlet, but these tempting niches are inviting to unwelcome objects that can cause shorts and fires. Use these electrical safety tips at home to keep outlets safe.
Block unused outlets by changing to a solid cover plate or using childproof caps.
Do not overload outlets with multiple adaptors or power strips; relocate cords instead.
Never put any object other than the appropriate size plug into an outlet.
Install ground fault circuit interrupter outlets in potentially hazardous areas such as near pools, crawlspaces, kitchens, bathrooms and unfinished basements.
Keep all outlets properly covered with secure plates that cover all wiring.
Light Bulbs
Light bulbs are the single most common electrical fixture in homes, and proper light bulb safety can keep them from becoming a common electrical hazard.
Use bulbs that have the correct wattage requirements for each fixture -- using a higher wattage bulb can cause the fixture to overheat.
Consider switching to more efficient compact fluorescent bulbs that provide the same level of light at a lower wattage level.
Always screw bulbs in tightly; a loose bulb can cause sparks or shorts.
Be sure to unplug or turn off a fixture completely before changing light bulbs.
Kaic, well sino ba ang nakakalam nun. Kahit ang mga estudyante sa engineering ay kalimitang di alam kung bakit kailangan ito.KILOAMPERE INTERRUPTING CAPACITY -- ang hirap naman idefine. Hahay..Kung mapapansin mo, ang protective devices na karamihan makikita sa mga electrical plans at mga drawing ay merong continuous current rating, (ang karaniwang power consumption ng load habang ginagamit ang kuryente). Pero ang KAIC, well, paminsan-minsan lang, at hindi masyadong napapansin. Ang KAIC ngayon ang most taken-for-granted components in system designing. Ganito kasi yun, ang ang nga circuit breaker ay meron tatlong mahahalagang components. Ang contiunous current rating, ang voltage rating at ang pangatlo ay ang interrupting capacity rating. Ang KAIC na ito ang maximum tolerable amount ng current sa twing magtritrip ang circuit breaker NANG HINDI NASISIRA.
Depende sa load ang KAIC. Halimbawa, pag sa mga lighting lang o sa mga residential lang na mga load, karaniwang umaabot sa 7-10 KAIC. Pero pag mero nang mga industrial na ginagamitan ng mga motor, 15 KAIC o pataas na ang kinakailangan nito. Ang mga circuit breaker, aside sa continuous current na dapat bigyang pansin, ay kailangan din tingnan ang KAIC para di ito
madaling masira pagdating ng araw.
Pwedeng masabi na ang KAIC ay aftershock component. Pag hindi nakayanan ng breaker ang faul currrent, pwede ding itong madisintegrate. Kung ang CIRCUIT BREAKER ay nadoon para protektahan ang ating mga linya ng kuryente, kailangan din nitong maprotektahan ang mismong SARILI nya. (Medium voltage circuit breaker na undersized sa KAIC. Nagkaroon lang ng fault ay sumabog ang breaker at nasunog)
Fans don't make the air cooler!They work by blowing away the envelope of warm air that surrounds your body.
As a living creature, you generate heat. A lot of it. As that heat slowly radiates away from your body, it creates a pocket of hot air that surrounds you. It's like you're being insulated by an invisible bubble of heat. What fans do is to push that hot surrounding air out of the way.
This is why blowing on hot food cools it off. It's not that your breath is especially cool, it's that you're blowing the heat off the food.
If you're sweating at all then the fan also cools you by speeding up the evaporation.
So now that you know that fans don't make the air cooler, you can see that there's no advantage to leaving the fan on when you leave the room. Fans don't lower the temperature in the room at all.
By the way, a typical 36" / 48" / 52" ceiling fan uses about 55 / 75 / 90 watts of electricity respectively (less on slower speeds).
In AC circuits, ang wave ng boltahe at ng current ay di nagkakasabay, o parating out-of-phase. Usually sa power system, the current wave lags the voltage wave due to predominantly inductive loads, e.g., motors. Pag nagkaroon ng phase difference, yun din ang nagiging sukatan ng power factor.
Sa power factor natin malalaman gaano ka-efficient ang equipment sa pag convert ng current into useful output . Ang ideal kasi kung ano yung energy supply mo ay yun din ang dapat ginagamit. Walang power loss.
Pwede ding gumamit ang kahit na sino ng neon tester o screwdriver na umiilaw pag itinatapat sa wiring na live. 
